Republic of Chad

The capital:            ['indjaamynaa]

The inhabitants enumerated:            8,997,237 (July 2002)

The language:            The Frenchman and Arabic

The sweat:            The Muslim (the Arabic Bedouin and other than the Arab), other than the Muslim (happy tribe)

The climate:            Is hot and arid in the north, and the middle area and northern stored in three seasons - the summer (from 

Practiced/March to July/July), and rainy (from July/July to October/November), and cold in remainder the months

Regime of the governing:            The republican

The economy

- the currency:            [sy] ['iyf] ['iyh] Frank

- the resources:            Natural outputs, carbonate of the sodium, petroleum, uranium, [tnjstyn], tin, bauxite, gold,

History

Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures existed in Chad before the Sahara Desert was formed. Central and northern of Chad were under control of Islamic empires from the 9th century AD. French interest in the area began in 1860, but colonisation did not start until 1900, when the south was occupied. Chad was made a territory of French Equatorial Africa in 1910. It became independent in 1960. After enduring decades of civil warfare among ethnic groups as well as invasions by Libya, Chad got started toward a more stable state with the seizure of the government in early December 1990 by former northern guerrilla leader Idress DEBY. His transitional government eventually suppressed armed rebellion in all quarters of the country, settled the territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, produced a democratic constitution which was ratified by popular referendum in March 1996, held multiparty national presidential elections in June and July 1996 (DEBY won with 67% of the vote), and held multiparty elections to the National Assembly in January and February 1997, in which Idress DEBY's party, Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS, won a majority of the seats. But by the end of 1998, DEBY was beset with numerous problems including heavy casualties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where Chadian troops had been deployed to support embattled President KABILA, a new rebellion in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 1999 and further delays in the Doba Basin oil project in the south. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.